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学历语言类 | 考研公共课

单选题 What caused the roast turkey to drop onto the door?

A

The backward movement of the door.

B

The son’s hasty behavior.

C

Someone happened to be at the door.

D

The bird raised by the family.

问答题 Despite the basic biological, chemical, and physical similarities found in all living things, a diversity of life exists not only among and between species but also within every natural population. The phenomenon of diversity has had a long history of study because so many of the variations that exist in nature are visible to the eye.   1) It has been suggested that sexual reproduction became the dominant type of reproduction among organisms because of its inherent advantage of variability, which is the mechanism that enables a species to adjust to changing conditions.New variations are potentially present in genetic differences, but how preponderant a variation becomes in a gene pool depends upon the number of offspring the mutants or variants produce (differential reproduction). 2)It is possible for a genetic novelty (new variation) to spread in time to all members of a population, especially if the novelty enhances the population’s chances for survival in the environment in which it exists.Thus, when a species is introduced into a new habitat, it either adapts to the change by natural selection or by some other evolutionary mechanism or else it eventually dies off. Because each new habitat means new adaptations, habitat changes have been responsible for the millions of different kinds of species and for the heterogeneity within each species.   The total number of animal and plant species is estimated at between 2,000,000 and 4,500,000; authoritative estimates of the number of extinct species range from 15,000,000 up to 16,000,000,000. 3)Although the use of classification as a means of producing some kind of order out of this staggering number of different types of organisms appears as early as the book of Genesis—with references to cattle, beasts, fowl, creeping things, trees, etc.—the first scientific attempt at classification is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who tried to establish a system that would indicate the relationship of all things to each other.He arranged everything along a scale, or “ladder of nature”, with nonliving things at the bottom; plants were placed below animals, and man was at the top. 4)Other schemes that have been used for grouping species include large anatomical similarities, such as wings or fins, which indicate a natural relationship, and also similarities in reproductive structures.   5)At the present time taxonomy is based on two major assumptions: one is that similar body construction can be used as a criterion for a classification grouping; the other is that, in addition to structural similarities, evolutionary and molecular relationships between organisms can be used as a means for determining classification.

问答题 [A] Americans’ ability to take the mortgage interest deduction ranks up there with the right to bear arms and watch football games. Homeownership is part of the American dream, and the U.S. government has long done its part to encourage home buying among citizens of all economic strata. Economist Edmund Phelps, a 2006 Nobel laureate and Columbia University professor, has criticized the U.S. financial sector’s orientation toward financing residential construction and away from business investment and innovation.   [B] So, I grew up thinking that renting is perfectly normal. And then, strangely enough, I never did buy a house. I live in New York City and I’m still renting. My own personal narrative shows that it is possible to live a respectable life without ever having owned a home.   [C] Is the sacrifice of business investment and innovation the key negative to the financial sector’s focus on housing? That was my key negative, but I also had some animus against the idea that everybody ought to own his or her own home. I thought this was a bizarre social goal.   [D] Haven’t you noted in the past that homeownership can reduce the mobility of a workforce? That’s not true in New York or Los Angeles, where there are so many employers. But if you own your home in Peoria and you’re working for some specialized firm, and things don’t go so well there—at that point, you’d like to have the mobility of picking up stakes at no cost and looking for some similar kind of firm elsewhere. To be perfectly honest, that the other side of the coin is that mobility isn’t necessarily right up there with apple pie as something that’s good for us. Because when people are very mobile, they can be very difficult employees.   [E] There has been research that shows homeownership makes for better citizens. I can well imagine that some unemployed sociologist would look into that hypothesis. I’m not attacking the idea that people live in conglomerations of houses in proximity to one another, sharing the same water mains and the same newspaper delivery boy and so forth. I’m not objecting to that. That could happen with or without homeownership.   [F] Is it emotional, as in, part of the American dream? Or has it just been the best way for people to build wealth? We could argue whether or not it’s the best way. But what is surprising is this new ethos, this new enthusiasm for homeownership suggests that it should be—for people who aren’t rich anyway—the main way they hold their wealth and that there’s something almost un-American about holding your wealth in stocks and bonds. The celebration of homeownership seems to be part of a countermovement against popular owning of shares in corporations.   [G] Of course, I come from more of an urban culture. I grew up, until age 6, in Chicago. My parents rented their apartment and, at the end of the Depression, my parents wanted to replicate that situation. So, again, we lived in a somewhat suburban setting outside of New York City and, again, they rented.   [H] U.S. government’s improper real estate and financial policies for the crisis paved the way for the seeds. Home Ownership was the American dream. In the 1930s the Great Depression, the United States flagging domestic demand, Roosevelt’s New Deal of the decision-making is one of the establishment of Fannie Mac, to provide for the national housing finance to help people buy housing, to stimulate domestic demand.   [I] So, will the next economic expansion look very different? I think we very much need to reorient the financial sector away from housing. The level of housing construction was unsustainable. It had to come to a crashing end. But what we have to hope for is that the financial sector will be able to reinvent itself and start learning to serve the classical functions of allocating finance to competing investment project sand competing innovations and activities. I think somehow the banking industry has lost the expertise to be able to choose among rival investment projects and innovation projects. I don’t think the bankers know anything about alternative energy projects. They’re going to have to acquire that expertise if they’re going to be, as the New York Times put it, “useful” to the economy. (此文选自U.S. News & World Report 2008年刊 )  Order:

问答题 Most U.S. businesses, large or small, belong to what is called the private enterprise system. 1)This means simply that firms operate in a dynamic environment where success or failure is determined by how well they match and counter the offerings of competitors. Competition is the battle among businesses for consumer acceptance. 2)Sales and profits are the yardsticks by which such acceptance is measured. 3)The business world has abundant examples of firms that were once successful but that failed to continue satisfying consumer demands.Competition assures that, over the long run, firms that satisfy consumer demands will be successful and those that do not will be replaced.   The private enterprise system requires that firms continually adjust their strategies, product offerings, service standards, operating procedures, and the like. 4)Otherwise the competition will gain higher shares of an industry’s sales and profits.Consider the following cases. A & P was long the largest supermarket chain. Now Safeway is the largest, and A & P is attempting a recovery. Ford once was the dominant automaker. Today, it is second to General Motors, among domestic producers. These events suggest the dynamic environment of the private enterprise system.   5)Competition is a critical mechanism for guaranteeing that the private enterprise system will continue to provide the goods and services that make for high living standards and sophisticated life styles.Few organizations that offer a product or service can escape the influence of competition. The American Cancer Society competes for contributions with the American Heart Association, your own college, and other nonprofit enterprises. The armed forces compete in the labor market with private employers. Even the U.S. Postal Service faces competition. United Parcel Service competes for package shipments. Express Mail faces competition from Western Union’s mailgrams. And firms like The Mailbox, which rents post office boxes in the Seattle area, compete for the post-office-box business.

问答题 Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 1) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.   On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 2) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”?   The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 3) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?   Many deny it. 4) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.   This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 5) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

问答题 For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain, Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.   Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science by going where no scientists had gone before.   Today Mars looms as humanity’s next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others; Are there experiment that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?   With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.

单选题 What can we learn from the second paragraph?

A

CatwalkGenius.com financed Franny Armstrong to make her new movie.

B

Franny Armstrong hopes to attend the Sundance Film Festival.

C

People who gave 20 quids ($35) can get a ticket to watch the film.

D

All those who financed the film will get a percentage of the profits.

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