问答题 Passage 1　　In the 16th and 17th centuries, two persons helped lay the foundation of modern education. Comenius, a Czech humanist, greatly influenced both educational and psycho-educational thought. He wrote texts that were based on a developmental theory and in them introduced the use of visual aids in instruction. Media and instructional research, a vital part of contemporary educational psychology, has its origins in the writing and textbook design of Comenius. (1) He recommended that instruction start with the general and then move to the particular and that nothing in books be accepted unless checked by a demonstration to the senses. He taught that understanding, not memory, is the goal of instruction; that we learn best that which we have an opportunity to teach; and that parents have a role to play in the schooling of their children.　　The contributions of one of our many ancestors often are overlooked, yet Juan Luis Vives wrote very much as a contemporary educational psychologist might in the first part of the 16th century. (2) He stated to teachers and others with educational responsibilities, such as those in government and commerce, that there should be an orderly presentation of the facts to be learned, and in this way he anticipated Herbart and 19th-centry psychologists. He noted that what is to be learned must be practiced, and in this way he anticipated Thorndike’s Law of Exercise. He wrote on practical knowledge and the need to engage student interest, anticipating Dewey. (3) He wrote about individual differences and about the need to adjust instruction for all students, and anticipated the work of educational and school psychologists in the area of special education. He discussed the school’s role in moral growth, anticipating the work of Dewey, Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan. He wrote about learning being dependent on self-activity, a precursor to contemporary research on meta-cognition, where the ways in which the self monitors its own activities are studied. Finally, (4) Vives anticipated both the contemporary motivational theorists who avoid social comparisons and those researchers who find the harmful elements of norm-referenced testing to outweigh their advantages, by writing about the need for students to be evaluated on the basis of their own past accomplishments and not in comparison with other students. (5) Thus, long before we claimed our professional identity, there were individuals thinking intelligently about what we would eventually Call educational psychology, preparing the way for the scientific study of education.

问答题 Passage 1　　There was a time  1 parents who wanted an educational present for their children would buy a typewriter, a globe or an encyclopedia set.　　Now those  2 seem hopelessly old-fashioned: this Christmas, there were a lot of personal computers under the tree. Convinced that computers are their key  3 success, parents are also frantically insisting that children  4 taught to use them on school as early as possible.　　The problem for schools is that when  5 comes to computers, parents don't always know best. Many schools are yielding to parental impatience and are purchasing hardware    6 sound educational planning so they can say, "OK, we've moved into the computer age." Teachers found themselves    7 in the middle of the problem--between parent pressure and wise educational decisions.　　Educators do not even agree  8 how computers should be used. A lot of money is going for computerized educational materials that research has shown can be taught just as well  9 pencil and paper. Even those  10 believe that all children should have access to computers warn of potential dangers to the very young.　　The temptation remains strong largely because young children adapt so well  11 computers. First graders have been seen willing to work for two hours on math skills. Some have an attention span of 20 minutes.　　Not every school,  12 , can afford to go into computing, and that  13 yet another problem: a division between the haves and have-nots. Very few parents ask  14 computer instructions in poor school districts, in  15  there may be barely enough money to pay the teacher.

问答题 Passage 1　　The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $ 9 million, but (1) the city is preparing to the financial benefits that come from holding such an international event by equaling the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4:20 a.m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. (2) But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of New South Wales and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise?　　There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $ l million below the revised budget and $ 5 million below the original budget of $ 29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of $ 24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to $ 10 million, contributing some $ 2 million. (3) The Federal Government’s grant of $ 5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer.　　Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. (4) Others argued that 70% of the facilities were already in place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having the Games… “is not that you are going to have $ 7.4 billion in extra gross domestic product over the next 14 years.” (5) I think the real point is the psychological change, the gaining of confidence, apart from the other more obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature.

问答题 Passage 1　　“It Nineteenth-century humorist Artemus Ward once warned the readers: ‘It ain’t what you don’t know that hurts you; it’s what you know that just ain’t so. ’”　　(1)There’s good advice in that warning to some of television’s most fussy critics, who are certain that every significant change in American social and political life can be traced, more or less directly, to the extensive influence of TV.　　This is an understandable attitude. For one thing, television is the most visible, ubiquitous de- vice to have entered our lives in the last forty years. (2)It is a medium in almost every American home, it is on in the average household some seven hours a day, and it is accessible by every kind of citizen from the most desperate of the poor to the wealthiest and most powerful among us.　　If so pervasive a medium has come into our society in the last four decades and if our society has changed in drastic ways in that same time, why not assume that TV is the reason why American life looks so different?　　Well, as any philosopher can tell you, one good reason for skepticism is that you can’t make assumptions about causes. They even have an impressive Latin phrase for that fallacy, post hoc, ergo propter hoc. For instance, if I do a rain dance at 5 P.M. and it rains at 6 P. M., did my dance bring down the rains? Probably not. (3) But it’s that kind of thinking, in my view, that characterizes much of the argument about how television influences our values.　　It’s perfectly clear, of course, that TV does influence some kinds of behavior. For example, back in 1954, Disneyland launched a series of episodes on the life of Davy Crockett, the legendary Tennessee frontiersman. A song based on that series swept the hit parade, and by that summer every kid in America was wearing a coonskin cap.　　(4) The same phenomenon has happened whenever a character on a prime-time television show suddenly stimulates a strong response in the country. Countless women tried to capture the Farrah Fawcett look a decade ago when “Charlie’s Angels “first took flight. In the mid-1980s, every singles bar in the land was packed with young men in expensive white sports jackets and T-shirts, trying to emulate the macho looks of “Miami Vice’s” Don Johnson.　　(5) These fashions clearly show television’s ability to influence matters that do not matter very much. Yet, when we turn to genuinely important things, television’s impact becomes a lot less clear.

问答题 Passage 2　　(1) A one-month survey results indicate that smoking, alcohol and marijuana use increase among residents of Manhattan during the five to eight weeks after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center which took place on September 11, 2001. Almost one-third of the nearly 1000 persons interviewed reported an increased use of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes following the September 11 attacks. About one-fourth of the respondents said they were drinking more alcohol in the weeks after September 11; about one tenth reported an increase in smoking, and 3.2% said they had increased their use of marijuana.　　(2) The investigators found survey participants by randomly dialing New York City phone numbers and screened potential respondents for Manhattan residents living in areas close to the World Trade Center. Interviews were conducted with 988 individuals between October 16 and November 15, 2001. Participants were asked about their cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and marijuana use habits before and after September 11. During the week prior to September 11, 2001, 22.6% of the participants reported smoking cigarettes, 59.1% drinking alcohol, and 4.4% using marijuana. After September 11, 23.4% reported smoking cigarettes, 4.4% drinking alcohol, and 5.7% smoking marijuana. Among those who smoked, almost 10% reported smoking at least an extra pack of cigarettes a week and among those who drank alcohol, more than 20% reported imbibing at least one extra drink a day.　　The researchers found that people who reported an increase in substance abuse were more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and from depression (3) people who reported an increase in cigarette smoking or marijuana use were also more likely to have both PTSD and depression, while those people who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have depression only. (4) Persons who were living closer to the World Trade Center were more likely to increase their cigarette smoking, but other factors such as being displaced from one’s home, losing possessions during the attacks, or being involved in the rescue efforts were not consistently associated with increased substance use. Symptoms of panic attack were associated with an increase in the use of all substances.　　Increase in substance abuse did not differ significantly between men and women or among racial or ethnic groups. (5) Demographic factors such as age, marital status, and income seemed tip play a more critical role in determining if the events of September 11 led to an increase in substance use.

问答题 Passage 2　　Most U.S. businesses, large or small, belong to what is called the private enterprise system. (1)This means simply that firms operate in a dynamic environment where success or failure is determined by how well they match and counter the offerings of competitors. Competition is the battle among businesses for consumer acceptance. (2)Sales and profits are the yardsticks by which such acceptance is measured.　　(3)The business world has abundant examples of firms that were once successful but that failed to continue satisfying consumer demands. Competition assures that, over the long run, firms that satisfy consumer demands will be successful and those that do not will be replaced.　　The private enterprise system requires that firms continually adjust their strategies, product offerings, service standards, operating procedures, and the like. (4)Otherwise the competition will gain higher shares of an industry’s sales and profits. Consider the following cases. A & P was long the largest supermarket chain. Now Safeway is the largest, and A & P is attempting a recovery. Ford once was the dominant automaker. Today, it is second to General Motors, among domestic producers. These events suggest the dynamic environment of the private enterprise system.　　(5)Competition is a critical mechanism for guaranteeing that the private enterprise system will continue to provide the goods and services that make for high living standards and sophisticated life styles. Few organizations that offer a product or service can escape the influence of competition. The American Cancer Society competes for contributions with the American Heart Association, your own college, and other nonprofit enterprises. The armed forces compete in the labor market with private employers. Even the U.S. Postal Service faces competition. United Parcel Service competes for package shipments. Express Mail faces competition from Western Union’s mailgrams. And firms like The Mailbox, which rents post office boxes in the Seattle area, compete for the post-office-box business.

问答题 Practice 2　 Directions:　 Read the following text(s) and write an essay to　 1) summarize the main points of the text(s),　 2) make clear your own viewpoint, and　 3) justify your stand.　 In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the text(s). If you use more than three consecutive words from the text(s), use quotation marks (“ ”).　 You should write 160—200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.　 It is all very well to blame traffic congestion, the cost of petrol and the hectic pace of modern lift, but manners on the roads are becoming deplorable. Everybody knows that nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well again to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is completely another awkward and difficult situation.　 You might tolerate the odd mad hog, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign; otherwise it may get completely out of hand.　 Road courtesy is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most levelheaded and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to retaliate when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little courtesy goes a long way towards relieving the tensions and frustrations of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of courtesy helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of courtesy are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize courtesy when they see it.　 Lorry drivers say they have almost abandoned the practice of signaling cars to overtake when the road is clear, because many of the cars took too long to pass. Their drivers couldn't be bothered to select a lower gear. Others, after overtaking, slowed down again and hogged the road.　 They manufacture them by force, using their direction indicators as a threat rather than a warning. Slanting matches and even punch-ups（打架斗殴）are quite common. It can't be long before we hear of pistols and knives being used: we can then call our dual carriageways, and solve a spelling problem in the process. Driving is essentially a state of mind. However technically skilled a driver may be, he can't be all advanced motorist if he is always arrogant and aggressive.

问答题 Passage 1　　Putin will finish the second of two terms as President in 2008. Under his leadership, Russia has re-emerged as a significant world power. (1) I have friends who predict that Vladimir Putin will find his new position as Russian prime minister a comedown after eight years as President. I doubt it. Putin is more likely to define his job than be defined by it. After our first meetings, in 1999 and 2000, I described him in my journal as “shrewd, confident, hard-working, patriotic, and ingratiating.” In the years since, he has become more confident and—to Westerners—decidedly less ingratiating.　　Born in Leningrad (today’s St. Petersburg) Putin is the son of a sailor and a factory worker. From 1976 to 1990, Putin served in the foreign intelligence branch of the notorious Soviet spy agency. For many of those years, he was stationed in Germany. In 1998, Putin was tapped to run the FSB (successor to the KGB) by then Russian President Boris Yeltsin. (2) When Yeltsin resigned shortly before the end of his second term, Putin was chosen to serve as acting President, putting him in an ideal position to win the office in the election that followed.　　(3) Some believe Putin’s KGB background explains everything, but his allegiance to the KGB is in turn explained by his intense nationalism—which accounts for his popularity in Russia. Timing matters in history, and Putin has had the benefit of high oil prices and the contrast with his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin. (4) His vision of Russia is that of a great power in the old-fashioned European sense. Such powers have spheres of influence and subjugate lesser powers. At home, they celebrate national traditions and prize collective glory, not individual freedom.　　Tolstoy described the 19th century count Mikhail Speransky as a “rigorous-minded man of immense intelligence, who through his energy...had come to power and used it solely for the good of Russia.” What one found disconcerting, though, “was Speransky’s cold, mirror-like gaze, which let no one penetrate to his soul.” It is possible to love the idea of a nation without caring too much for its citizens.　　(5) It is unlikely that Putin, 55, will wear out his welcome at home anytime soon, as he has nearly done with many democracies abroad. In the meantime, he will remain an irritant to nato, a source of division within Europe and yet another reason for the West to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.

问答题 Practice 5　 Read the following text(s) and write an essay to　 1) summarize the main points of the text(s),　 2) make clear your own viewpoint, and　 3) justify your stand.　 In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the text(s). If you use more than three consecutive words from the text(s), use quotation marks (“ ”).　 You should write 160—200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.　 Smoking influences citizen’s health and also pollutes our living environment. Recently, Chen Zhu, minister of Health, said that the government should gradually include anti-addiction counseling and drugs in basic medical insurance coverage. Should anti-addiction be covered in medical insurance? The following are the supporters’ and opponents’ opinions.　 Supporters:　 Smoking is now the biggest threat to human health. Through medical insurance to pay for their anti-addition drugs, smokers are more likely to have a try to quit smoking.　 It is hardly possible for smokers to quit smoking by their own efforts. If anti-addiction counseling and drugs are included in basic medical insurance coverage, smokers are more than willing to seek professional doctor for help and thus increase the chance of success.　 Helping smokers keep away from addiction not only benefits the smokers themselves, but also those around them, which is of great potential public health significance. In addition, the cost of using medical insurance to pay for anti-addiction is much lower than that to treat chronic diseases in the future.　 Opponents:　 Looking at the number of people who are smokers versus the great majority who aren't, it's much fairer to put the costs on the backs of those who cause them rather than on the backs of the great majority who don't smoke.　 Anti-addiction drugs are used to prevent  diseases, which is supposed to be paid from the public health or disease control, but not from medical insurance fund.　 If anti-addition is covered in medical insurance, with 270 million smokers in China, how can the insurance bear it? In terms of 3000 RMB per person, we need 810 billion for medical insurance fund, while in 2010, the total income of urban basic medical insurance fund is only 430.9 billion.

问答题 Practice 4　 Read the following text(s) and write an essay to　 1) summarize the main points of the text(s),　 2) make clear your own viewpoint, and　 3) justify your stand.　 In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the text(s). If you use more than three consecutive words from the text(s), use quotation marks (“ ”).　 You should write 160—200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.　 The information and computer technologies have boosted the efficiency and convenience of people’s work and study. Their application in school education has provided teachers and students with new approaches to knowledge and information. There is a heated discussion about whether computers will replace teachers. The following are the supporters’ and opponents’ opinions.　 Supporters:　 With the advanced computer and Internet, children can get the learning material whenever they want.　 Online teaching is becoming more and more popular that students can get planned lessons online. After each class, there is homework for them to do. Both the learning and practice can be done on computers.　 From computers students can learn something that they are interested in so that they won’t be restricted to the subjects that they are taught at school. Therefore, students will have the opportunity to achieve an all-around development.　 Opponents:　 Students need to communicate with teachers and get instructions from them whenever they have troubles in their study. Computers are only cold devices that will affect children’s ability to have face-to-face communication.　 Education is not only about imparting the knowledge, but also being a useful person. So students need to learn some useful values to be a good person which sometimes cannot be easily learned from computers.　 Children who use computer will learn to communicate with machines instead of people. There is a risk that they will be a generation of social illiterates.