真题模拟

2020中学教师资格证《初中教师专业知识》真题模拟10-21

发布时间： 2020-10-21 05:48:19 发布人：题王网

1、

请阅读Passage 2，完成第26~30小题。

Passage 2

“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist,“That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company's products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse“halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

The expression“more lenient”is closest in meaning to ____ .

（单选题）

A. more effective

B. less controversial

C. less severe

D. more lasting

试题答案：C

2、

文言文总结课上，教师让学生分析学过的文言文中“亡”的意思。下列分析不正确的一项是（）。

（单选题）

A. 今亡亦死（《陈涉世家》）——逃跑

B. 暮而果大亡其财（《智子疑邻》）——丢失

C. 且秦灭韩亡魏（《唐雎不辱使命》）——消灭

D. 河曲智叟亡以应（《愚公移山》）——通“无”，没有

试题答案：C

3、

The Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras is best known today for his mathematical theorem,which haunts the dreams of many geometry students, but for centuries he was also celebrated as the father of vegetarianism.A meatless diet was referred to as a"Pythagorean diet" for years, up until the modern vegetarian movement began in the mid-1800s. While Pythagoras was an early proponent of a meatless diet, humans have been vegetarians since well before recorded history.Most anthropologists agree that early humans would have eaten a predominantly plant-based diet; after all, plants can't run away.Additionally, our digestive systems resemble those of herbivores closer than carnivorous animals.Prehistoric man ate meat, of course,but plants formed the basis of his diet. Pythagoras and his many followers practiced vegetarianism for several reasons, mainly due to religious and ethical objections.Pythagoras believed all living beings had souls.Animals were no exception, so meat and fish were banished from his table.Strangely enough, he also banished a vegetable that has a place of honor on most vegetarian menus today, the bean.His followers were forbidden to eat or even touch beans, because he thought beans and humans were created from the same material.Fava beans were especially bad, as they have hollow steams that could allow the souls of the dead to travel up from the soil into the growing beans. While the edict against beans was lifted not long after Pythagoras' death, his followers continued to eat a meatless diet.His principles influenced generations of academics and religious thinkers, and it was a group of these like-minded individuals who founded the Vegetarian Society in English in the mid-1800s.The virtues of temperance, abstinence and self-control were all tied to vegetarian Ideals, while lust, drunkenness and general hooliganism all resulted from a diet too rich in meat products.Notable early vegetarians included Leo Tolstoy, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi and American Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist teacher, reformer and the father of"Little Women" author Louisa May Alcott. It wasn't until the 1960s that vegetarianism moved into mainstream American life and the movement's growth picked up speed in the 1970s when a young graduate student -named Francis Moore Lappe wrote a book called Diet for a Small Planet.In it, she advocated a meatless diet not for ethical or moral reasons, but because plant-based foods have much less impact on the environment than meat does.Today, many vegetarians refuse meat because of animal rights issues,or concerns over animal treatment, a principle first espoused in Peter Singer's 1975 work Animal Liberation.
Which of the following is true according to the passage?