判断题
中国总人口13亿多，乡村人口下降到7亿，城镇人口上升到6亿多，人口城镇化逐步实现。
发布日期：2020-04-11
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试题解析
乡村人口
乡村人口是指凡不居住在城镇的人口。从全世界人口分布来看，在相当长的时期里乡村人口一直多于城市人口。18世纪产业革命后，城市中工业的发展，城镇居民点的兴起，资源的开发和生产发展对劳动力的需求，使乡村人口迅速地流入城镇。19世纪后，城市发展速度加快，乡村人口向城市集中的速度也加快。发展到今天，经济发达的国家，乡村人口只是国家总人口中的少数，而发展中国家，城市化过程时间短，速度缓慢，或者只是少数地区城市得到发展，城市人口规模不断扩大，但国家整体的城市化进程速度都不高，因而乡村人口在发展中国家所占比重一般较高，在60%以上。
- 中文名
- 乡村人口
- 解释
- 居住在农村或农村聚落的总人口
- 包括
- 教师、医生、商业人员
- 特征
- 人口生育率较高
城镇人口
城镇人口是指居住于城市、集镇的人口，主要依据人群的居住地和所从事的产业进行归类。“城镇人口”的特点所从事的产业为非农业生产性产业（自然经济）为主的人群及其家庭；一般认为城镇人口占有率的高低反应出一个地区的工业化、城镇化或城市化水平。在中国大陆，“城镇人口”自1990年代前后在统计学领域渐渐使用较多的用语，以代替之前非农业人口。在统计上，城镇人口为在城镇居住时间超过6个月以上的人口。2021年5月11日，中国第七次全国人口普查主要数据显示：居住在城镇的人口为90199万人，占63.89%。
- 中文名
- 城镇人口
- 定义与方法
- 联合国将世界各国采用的定义与方法归为5类
- 特点
- 从事非农业生产性产业为主的人群及其家庭
- 统计原则
- 在城镇居住时间超过6个月以上的人口
- 中国规定
- 城镇人口均指市和镇中非农业人口
- 特性
- 占有率的高低反应出一个地区的工业化、城镇化或城市化水平
中国
《中国》是由郭峰作词、作曲并演唱的一首歌曲，该曲于2017年9月27日发布。2017年9月，该曲经中宣部批准入选第五批“中国梦”歌曲。2018年2月15日，成龙与吴京在2018年中央电视台春节联欢晚会上演唱了该曲。
- 中文名
- 中国
- 发行时间
- 2017年9月27日
- 填词
- 郭峰
- 编曲
- 郭峰
- 歌曲语言
- 普通话
- 歌曲时长
- 04：34
- 歌曲原唱
- 郭峰
- 谱曲
- 郭峰
- 音乐风格
- 流行
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[A] The work builds on a study published last year by Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University in Japan, which showed that mouse tail cells could be transformed into ES-like cells by inserting four genes (Science Now, 3 July 2006).Those genes are normally switched off after embryonic cells differentiate into the various cell types. In June this year, Yamanaka and another group reported that the cells were truly pluripotent, meaning that they had the potential to grow into any tissue in the body (Science Now, 6 June). [B] In the new work, Yamanaka and his colleagues used a retrovirus to ferry into adult cells the same four genes they had previously used to reprogram mouse cells: OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. They reprogrammed cells taken from the facial skin of a 36-year-old woman and from connective tissue from a 69-year-old man. Roughly one iPS cell line was produced for every 5,000 cells the researchers treated using the technique, an efficiency that enabled them to produce several cell lines from each experiment. [C] Now the race to repeat the feat in human cells has ended in a tie: Two groups report today that they have reprogrammed human skin cells into so-called induced pluripotent cells (iPSs). In a paper published online in Cell, Yamanaka and his colleagues show that their mouse technique works with human cells as well. And in a paper published online in Science, James Thomson of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his colleagues report success in reprogramming human cells, again by inserting just four genes, two of which are different from those Yamanaka uses. [D] Once the kinks are worked out, “the whole field is going to completely change,” says stem cell researcher Jose Cibelli of Michigan State University in East Lansing. “People working on ethics will have to find something new to worry about.” [E] Thomson’s team started from scratch, identifying its own list of 14 candidate reprogramming genes. Like Yamanaka’s group, the team used a systematic process of elimination to identify four factors: OCT3 and SOX2, as Yamanaka used, and two different genes, NANOG and LIN28. The group reprogrammed cells from fetal skin and from the foreskin of a newborn boy. The researchers were able to transform about one in 10,000 cells, less than Yamanaka’s technique achieved, Thomson says, but still enough to create several cell lines from a single experiment. [F] Scientists have managed to reprogram human skin cells directly into cells that look and act like embryonic stem (ES) cells. The technique makes it possible to generate patient-specific stem cells to study or treat disease without using embryos or oocytes—and therefore could bypass the ethical debates that have plagued the field. “This is like an earthquake for both the science and politics of stem cell research,” says Jesse Reynolds, policy analyst for the Center for Genetics and Society in Oakland, California. [G] Although promising, both techniques share a downside. The retroviruses used to insert the genes could cause tumors in tissues grown from the cells. The crucial next step, everyone agrees, is to find a way to reprogram cells by switching on the genes rather than inserting new copies. The field is moving quickly toward that goal, says stem cell researcher Douglas Melton of Harvard University. “It is not hard to imagine a time when you could add small molecules that would tickle the same networks as these genes” and produce reprogrammed cells without genetic alterations, he says.(此文选自Science2007年刊) Order:
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