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Passage 2 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors: mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make 1 the manufacture of more goods with 2 workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called “the Second 3 Revolution. Labor’s concern 4 automation 5 from uncertainty about its effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has 6 the view that 7 to technological change is futile. In the long run, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, 8 and repairing automation equipment. Unquestionably, 9 , there will be major shifts in jobs within plants, and displacement of labor from one industry to another. The interest of labor lies in 10 this transition with a 11 of inconvenience and distress 12 workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower cost by automation should be shared by workers in the 13 of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards. To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the 14 of supplementary unemployment benefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in a SUB plan has a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong 15 for planning new installation so as to cause the least possible disruption in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiting that permanently. 16 -off workers be paid a sum of money based on 17 of service. Another approach is the idea of the “improvement factor”, which calls 18 wage increases based on increased in 19 . It is probable, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the 20 of automation.1. A. possible B. probable C. necessary D. acceptable2. A. few B. fewer C. many D. more3. A. Automation B. Industrial C. Industrialized D. Industrious4. A. in B. upon C. over D. with5. A. rises B. arises C. arouses D. evokes6. A. taken B. got C. gained D. used7. A. struggle B. resistance C. objection D. unfavor8. A. conserving B. storing C. maintaining D. preserving9. A. however B. somehow C. nevertheless D. conversely10. A. bringing about B. bringing out C. reduction D. limitation12. A. for B. upon C. about D. to13. A. term B. approach C. access D. from14. A. promotion B. support C. decrease D. discouragement15. A. encouragement B. stimulation C. incentive D. interest16. A. lain B. lay C. lied D. laid17. A. span B. term C. length D. period18. A. at B. on C. up D. for19. A. production B. productivity C. industry D. manufacture20. A. results B. fruits C. consequences D. essence
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