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或者“全班同学都是团员”为假,或者“全班同学都不是团员”为假;“全班同学都不是团员”为假;所以“全班同学都是团员”为真。推理是否有效?为什么?

发布日期:2021-07-19

或者“全班同学都是团员”为假,或者“全班同学都不是团员”为假;“全班同学都不是团员”为假;所以“全班...

试题解析

团员

中国共产主义青年团团员,简称共青团员,是中国共产党的助手和后备军,是指按照《中国共产主义青年团章程》规定的入团条件和程序被批准加入中国共产主义青年团的信仰共产主义的中国青年。年龄在十四周岁以上,二十八周岁以下的中国青年,承认团的章程,愿意参加团的一个组织并在其中积极工作、执行团的决议和按期交纳团费的,可以申请加入中国共产主义青年团。截至2021年12月31日,全国共有共青团员7371.5万名。其中,学生团员4381万名。

中文名
共青团员
简称
团员
成员
14-28周岁的青年
外文名
Member of the Chinese Communist Youth League
从属组织
中国共产主义青年团
入团年龄
14-28周岁

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请阅读Passage 2,完成第26~30小题。Passage 2“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist,“That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company's products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse“halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with ____ .

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